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For surely today I see more than him endowed with sight.
The eye has called on the core of my heart, and in their union
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(He who) possesses knowledge of the unseen and that which is apparent,
the Lord of this Great House (the Ka˘bah),
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31
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75
The Seven Qurrā΄ and their Narrators
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R)8&^[email protected]"#&3*`<[email protected]&"$&%+,&>9(#%+&2&3('&38-&+"$&%F9&83##3%9#$&3#,&L"[email protected]&38-&
")8&_+3DFS8C%&
7+,&>">%+&"$&^s$"@j&L3>$&38-&<+(^)3+&),"8E&+"$&83##3%9#$C&&
7+,&$"i%+&"$&[email protected]+&3*`e311S%j&W+3*3>&38-&W+3**S-&83##3%"8E&>#[email protected]&+"@C'&
7+,&$,G,8%+&"$&W"$SZT&38-&+"$&%F9&83##3%9#$&3#,&=)4&3*`LS#"%+&38-&_4#TC(&
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Their codes/symbols (!"#%$ &$ )
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Reality of the Differences ((&'"%#$"!) Between the Various Qirā`āt
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R>& %+,& -">>,#,8?,& "$& ),%F,,8& #,3-"8E& 0("!-& 9#& F"%+9(%& 0("!-j& %+,& #,?"%,#& E"G,$&
;#,>,#,8?,& %9& #,3-"8E& F"%+9(%& 0("!-C& <"@"*3#*1& 2!03& "$& E"G,8& ;#,>,#,8?,& %9&
6!))C&
&
#$'
!?()9'=6!!Q7%@[email protected]!PeR!
!86'726&'()9'*[email protected]!W!
#$) !>(7BK(! *(+.! +.! *(5! ?7##74! F3$?*+?5! B.5;! $#74K.*! 35?+*53.J! 745! .(7B%;! *$M5! 47*5!
35K$3;+4K!*(5!F35N+7B.!677*47*5.!+4!*(+.!.5?*[email protected]!8!F7+4*!76!+#F73*$4?5!+.!47*!*(5!.5CB54?5!
5#F%7/5;! ,/! *(5! 35?+*53! ,B*! *(5! 6$?*! *($*! $%%! *(5! 35$;+4K.! $4;! 4$33$*+74.! $35! 35$;! *7! *(5!
*5$?(53!\A(+?(5N53!#5*(7;!+.!$;7F*5;]@!i(5?M!P'2.>,*&'()G=6.!.2!Q7%@[email protected]!UUW&[email protected]!
#$(
151
Some differences in the farsh which are applied throughout the Qur`ān
\"Z!"
. C Ý\"Ì
. −&
N,3-&F"%+&3&t&)1&V(@)(*&38-&W+3*3>&F"**&#,3-&"%&F"%+&(0-6&6C&W+3**S-&F"**&
@3D,&(0-6&6&98*1&"8&%+,&>"#$%&\"Z!"
. C 9>&5P3!-*!"#$&1(-!-C&
. ( - −&
X}O
L"[email protected]&38-&W"$SZT&F"**&@3D,&(0-6&6C&
1I
. ) . Ý&@Q
. ) . −&
. - . Ý[email protected]
. . Ý&I
VS*48j&=)4&^[email protected]#&38-&W"$SZT&#,3-$&%+,&*@&3$&0&D(?!-&"C,C&1I
. ( . Ý&@Q
. ( . !
. ( . Ý[email protected]
. ( . Ý&I
) - - . ÝL<#gb
) ) - ( ) ÝL<Z(
) ) ) W. Ý[email protected]#'¥
) ) ) ( . −&
L4rFM:
) ) ) ( . Ý[email protected]#'¥
) ) ) ( . ÝL<#'¥
=)4&^[email protected]#&F"**&#,3-&%+,&F&38-&-!6<!-&k"8&%+,&*3$%&,[email protected];*,l&3$&0&D(?!-&F+"*,&
_4#T&F"**&3*$9&+3G,&(D-1("&0C&
- . ) - ÝK?,}!
. ) ( . - Ý1WK?,}!
. ( ) ( . &−&
/?,}!
( . . ( ) ( . . ÝK?¯
- . - - ÝK?,}!
. - ( ) - Ý1WK?,}!
. ( - ( ) &)1&PS>"^C
N,3-&3$&/?,}!
( ) . ( - ( ) . ÝK?¯
- . ) ) +- Ý/c;
) ) &@
) ) Ý/c·"
) ) −&
}Kc;
(
. ) Ý/c·M*:
) ) &F+,#,G,#&"%&3;;,3#$&F"%+&3&$(D48&98&%+,&c "C,C&
PS>"^&F"**&#,3-&%+,&F9#-&/c;
- . ( ) +- Ý/c;
( ) &@
( ) Ý/c·"
() !
}Kc;
(
. ) Ý/c·M*:
- #:- −
L}@"
.(
N,3-& 3$ [email protected]"#:
. . ( - )1& R)8& ^Ā@"#& ,i?*(-"8E& +"$& ,i?,;%"98$& 38-& %+9$,& ;*3?,$& "8&
F+"?+&+"$&83##3%9#$&+3G,&-">>,#,8?,&9>&9;"8"98C&
- . M −&
D:;
. .
N,3-&3$ D:;
. . . M. by R)8&^Ā@"#C
L4)6)3C:.;) −
) ) -3:;( ) F+,#,G,#&"%&3;;,3#$&)1&=)4&^[email protected]#C
N,3-&3$&L46
. ) ( . . . ÝL;F;
) ) ( . . . Ý;F;
L4;F;
) ( . . . ÝD;#I;
. ( . . . . ÝD;F;
. ( . . . −&
N,3-&F"%+&1!0-8"&)1&PS>"^&F"%+&D-,"7&>#[email protected]&53#$+&F+9&3*$9&@3D,$&(.)&"&F"%+&
6!))&"8&"%C&W"$SZT&-#9;$&%+,&$,?98-$&-!6<!-&"C,C&D#I;
. ( . . . ÝDF;
. ( . . ,%?C
. ) ) ÝL3EF
. ) ) −&
M.W39E
) ) ) ) ÝM.W3EF
. ( ) ÝL3EF
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=)4&^[email protected]#&#,3-$&%+,&t 38-&N 3$&0&D(?!-&"C,C&M.W39E
) ) ( ) ÝM.W3EF
152
/"&¿F
. . ( - −&
. ( - ÝK"&¿F
N,3-&F"%+&3&)!66!-&98&%+,&F )1&<+(^)3+&"C,C&/"&¿F
. . ( ) !
. ( ) ÝK"&¿F
M9[F
( $ −&
( ) Ý[#!"
N,3-&F"%+&3&0,DP?&98&%+,&0 )1&R)8&^Ā@"#&38-&W"$SZTC&
jQÎF
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N,3-&F"%+9(%&%+,&Q&3>%,#&%+,&-!6<!-&"C,C&jÎF
) . !
. ( . ÝL*!¥E"Q
). ( . −
[email protected]&!¥EMI
) ( ) . ( . Ý"&!¥).EMI
) ( . ( . Ý!¥EMI
) ( . ( . Ý`¥EMI
) ( . ( . Ý"&!¥E"Q
( . Ý!¥E"Q
R)8& W3%+T#& 38-& W"$SZT& #,3-$& F"%+9(%& %+,& -!6<!-& 38-& %+,& t& 3$& 6!71P-!-& "C,C&
) . . Ý3EQ
) . . !
[email protected]&3sI
) ( ) . . Ý"&3sI
) ( . . Ý3sI
) ( . . ÝXsI
) ( . . Ý"&3EQ
. . ÝL*3EQ
N&}6!"
( ) ) &−&
<+(^)3+&38-&[email protected]+&F"**&#,3-&F"%+&3&D!03!-&98&%+,&Ó&"C,C&N&}6!"
() !
t!"
) ) &−&
N,3-&F"%+&3&0PD,?&98&%+,&A&)1&R)8&W3%+T#&"C,C&t!"
( ) &C&
/#!"
( ) &−&
N,3-&3$&/"#!"
. ) &)1&R)8&W3%+T#C
7+,&#,@3"8"8E&2,33&'&89%&@,8%"98,-&"8&%+,&F9#-$&3)9G,&F"**&#,3-&%+,&[email protected],&
3$&L3>$C&
&
) - ( ) ) Ýw&}9!"
T &}:
8 - - ( ) ) ÝL4&}:
( ) ) −&
L3>$j& 53#$+& 38-& =)4& ^[email protected]#& #,3-$& %+,& N F"%+& 3& )!66!-C& 7+,& #,@3"8"8E&
) - ( ) - Ýw&}9!"
2,33&'&#,3-&"%&F"%+&3&D!03!-&"C,C&T &}:
8 - - ( ) - ÝL4&}:
( )- !
MK&}[
( ) ) Ý/&}g!"
( ) ) Ý/&}[
()) −
L3>$j& PS>"^j& =)4& ^[email protected]#& 38-& L"[email protected]& F"**& #,3-& %+,& 0& F"%+& 3& )!66!-C& 7+,&
- Ý/&}[- !
#,@3"8"8E&2,33&b&#,3-&"%&3$&6!D0P3!-&"C,C&MK&}[
( ) - Ý/&}()g!"
()
N&}6!"
( ) ) −&
N,3-& F"%+& 3& D!03!-& 98& %+,& G-!/?& )1& <+(^)3+& 38-& [email protected]+& "C,C& N&}6!"
( ) & C& 7+,&
#,@3"8"8E&2,33&'&F"**&#,3-&"%&3$&6!)6P6!-C
&
153
/Q#<z
( ) 8 . . −&
N,3-&F"%+9(%&3&0-!))!-&98&%+,&c )1&L3>$j&[email protected]+&38-&W"$SZTC&7+,&#,@3"8"8E&
2,33&'&F"**&#,3-&"%&3$&6!0-!))!)!-&"C,C&/Q#<z
( )8 8.!
w"&=o
. ) ) −&
N,3-&F"%+&3&)!66!-&98&%+,&\ )1&L3>$j&V(@)(*j&R)8&^Ā@"#&38-&W"$SZTC&7+,&
#,@3"8"8E&2,33&'&F"**&#,3-&"%&3$&0&D(?!-&"C,C&w"&=o
.( ) !
M#<%
8 - . . −&
N,3-&F"%+9(%&3& -!6<!-&)1&L3>$j&[email protected]+&38-&W"$SZTC&7+,&#,@3"8"8E& 2,33&'&
F"**&#,3-&F"%+&3&-!6<!-&"C,C&#<%
-. . !
. ( - ( - −&
tM=s!M:
N,3-& F"%+& 3& D!03!-& 98& %+,& p )1& L3>$j& [email protected]+& 38-& W"$SZTC& 7+,& #,@3"8"8E&
. ( )( - !
2,33&'&F"**&#,3-&"%&F"%+&3&)!66!-&"C,C&tM=s!M:
T9s²
8 . . ( . ÝL9s¯
) ) ) ( . Ý9s¯
) . ( . ,%?C&`&
N,3-& F"%+& 3& 7!1-!-& 98& %+,& t& )1& R)8& ^Ā@"#j& ^Ā$"@& 38-& [email protected]+C& 7+,&
#,@3"8"8E&2,33&'&F"**&#,3-&"%&F"%+&3&D!03!-&"C,C&T9s²
8 . ( . ÝL9s¯
) ) ( . Ý9s¯
) (. !
&
&
!
154
!
!
!
!
!
&
&
!"#$%&'(!
&
&
&
)*+(!
!
!
!
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!
!
155
The Qāri’s Lexicon
&
"#$%!&#'%&(#&c&h"%,#3**1&%#38$*3%,-&3$&%+,&!"(7&9>&$,;3#3%"98C&R%&"$&%+3%&!"(7&F+"?+&
"$&"8?*(-,-&),%F,,8&.&-!6<!-0&F+,8&@3D"8E&1!0-8"&9#&1!-282&38-&$9&>9#%+C&R%&
"$&?3**,-&!"(7*!"#7!0"4&%+,&!"(7&9>&$,;3#3%"98&),?3($,&"%&$,;3#3%,$&%+,&.&-!6<!-0C&
&
"#$%!&#')&*+,-.&c&!"(7*6!20P3!-&F+"?+&"8-"?3%,$&%9&%+,&>,@"8"8"%1&9>&%+,&F9#-C&
R8&@9$%&?3$,$&"%&"$&F#"%%,8&F"%+&3&/&'C&
&
/&(0&#&.&c&%9&#,?"%,&.(06*@""!-*!"#K!-6&?*!"#K!-86C&
&
1&00&.&c&38&"8-"?3%"98&%9F3#-$&3&>9#F3#-&$9(8-C&g$,-&98&F9#-$&F+"?+&
3#,&6!.?8&k"8-,?*"83)*,lC&N,>,#&%9&3!7>C&
!
1.&23-!&#'43*&c&381&F9#-&,8-"8E&F"%+&!"(7*6!20P3!-j&F+,#,&%+,&>"83*&*,%%,#&"$&
3&/&'&F+"?+&"$&;#,?,-,-&)1&3&3&'C&
&
1.&23-! &#'53*& c& 381& F9#-& ,8-"8E& F"%+& !"(7* 6!20P3!-& "8& F+"?+& %+,& "&6*
D!"(6!-&"$&3&/&'C&
&
6&4(.& c& %+9$,& #(*,$& F+"?+& 3#,& 89%& 3;;*",-& ?98$"$%,8%*1& >9#& %+,& 2,33&'&
%+#9(E+9(%&%+,&V(#ZS8C&
!
6&-.&c&*"%,#3**1&@,38$&%9&9;,8C&R%&@,38$&%9&#,?"%,&[email protected],%+"8E&9;,8*1&F"%+9(%&
381&"8?*"83%"98&"8&%+,&$9(8-C&7+"$&"$&%+,&9;;9$"%,&9>&(6&"!-C&
!
6&-.&.&c&38&"8-"?3%"98&%9F3#-&38&(;F3#-&@9G,@,8%C&g$,-&98&F9#-$&F+"?+&
3#,&6!.?8&k"8-,?*"83)*,lC&
!
672&58! &#'9&(4& c& %+3%& 6!))& F+"?+& "$& *,8E%+,8,-& $*"E+%*1& 3)9G,& 2!03& "C,C& [&
-!3!D&1C&
&
672&58! &#')&2&((7-& c& %+3%& 6!))& F+"?+& "$& *,8E%+,8,-& $*"E+%*1& 3)9G,&
1!%!00,1&"C,C&Y&-!3!D&1C&
!
:&;.%&c&%9&-#9;v*,3G,&9(%&3&*,%%,#j&($(3**1&3&-!6<!-&9#&98,&9>&%+,&*,%%,#$&9>&
6!))C& R8& %+,& ?3$,& 9>& 3& -!6<!-& "%& "$& 3*$9& #,>,##,-& %9& 3$& (02&1C& 7+"$& "$& %+,&
9;;9$"%,&9>&(1-.&1I&
!
156
:&0<&.! =7>-&;$*&.& c& %+3%& -!6<!-& F+"?+& [email protected],$& 3%& %+,& ),E"88"8E& 9>& 3&
F9#-C&
&
:&0<&.!=7-&-&44$%&.&c&%+3%&-!6<!-&F+"?+&[email protected],$&3%&%+,&,8-&9>&3&F9#-C&
&
:&0<&.!=7-&2&(($-&.&c&%+3%&-!6<!-&F+"?+&[email protected],$&"8&%+,&@"--*,&9>&3&F9#-C&
&&
:&0<&.!&#'9&-?&c&3&;,#@38,8%&-!6<!-&"C,C&"%&"$&#,3-&(8-,#&3**&?"#?(@$%38?,$C&
&
:&0<&.! &#'@&(#& c& 3& %,@;9#3#1& -!6<!-& "C,C& 3%& %"@,$& "%& "$& #,3-& 38-& 3%& 9%+,#&
%"@,$&89%C&
!
:&4&A&.& c& *"%,#3**1& @,38$& @9G,@,8%C& 7+,#,& 3#,& %+#,,& )3$"?& @9G,@,8%$&
F+,8& #,?"%"8Eq& %+,& (;F3#-& @9G,@,8%& F+"?+& "$& #,>,##,-& %9& 3$& 7!1-!-j& %+,&
-9F8F3#-& @9G,@,8%& F+"?+& "$& #,>,##,-& %9& 3$& D!03!-& 38-& %+,& >9#F3#-&
@9G,@,8%&F+"?+&"$&#,>,##,-&%9&3$&)!66!-C&R8&M8E*"$+&%+,1&3#,&#,>,##,-&%9&3$&
G9F,*$C&
!
B>;3#&c&R%&*"%,#3**1&@,38$&%9&$()$%"%(%,&9#&%9&#,;*3?,C&7+,&-!6<!-&"$&#,;*3?,-&
)1&3&*,%%,#&9>&6!))j&F+,%+,#&38&!"(74*%&%&9#&/&'I&
!
B;C.30& c& *"%,#3**1& @,38$& %9& ]9"8& 9#& 3$$"@"*3%,C& R%& "$& %+,& 3$$"@"*3%"98& 9>& 98,&
*,%%,#&"8%9&389%+,#j&),"8E&#,3-&3$&98,&6,0-!))!)&*,%%,#C&
!
B;C.30!D&>,4&c&">&%+,&6,)G-!6&38-&6,)G-!6*78-&3#,&)9%+&6,1!-!33(DC&:+,?D&
6,)G-!64*6,)G-!6*78-&38-&6,1!-!33(DC&
&
B;C.30!E&C.,4&c&">&%+,&6,)G-!6&"$&0&D(?&38-&%+,&6,)G-!6*78-&"$&6,1!-!33(DC&
:+,?D&6,)G-!64*6,)G-!6*78-&38-&6,1!-!33(DC&
&
B;A.3#&c&R%&*"%,#3**1&@,38$&%9&"8?*(-,C&7,?+8"?3**1j&"%&"$&%+,&"8?*($"98&9>&38&!"(7&
),%F,,8&%+,&.&-!6<!-0C&
&
B;43F&c&7+"$&"$&%+,&9;;9$"%,&9>&0!D1&"C,C&%9&#,?"%,&F"%+9(%&0!D1C&
!
BF-$03?!&#'(3A$+&5+&c&%F9&0&D(?&*,%%,#$&[email protected]"8E&%9E,%+,#C&R>&%+"$&+3;;,8$&%+,&
2,33&'&($(3**1&-#9;&3&*,%%,#&9#&E"G,&"%&3&-!3!D!-C&
&
157
BA.-$#3(&c&R%&@,38$&%9&#,?"%,&3&-!3!D!-&$F">%*1&"8&$(?+&3&@388,#&%+3%&"%&$,,@$&
%+3%& 3& ;9#%"98& 9>& "%& +3$& ),,8& *,>%& >#[email protected]& %+,& ;#98(8?"3%"98C& R%& "$& ($,-&
[email protected],%"@,$& ($,-& "8%,#?+38E,3)*1& F"%+& 3:,6C& O%+,#$& -">>,#,8%"3%,& ),%F,,8&
%+,&%F9&$%3%"8E&%+3%&3:,6&%3D,$&;*3?,&-(#"8E&%!27&F+,#,3$&(D-1("&0&%3D,$&;*3?,&
-(#"8E& %!0"C& =89%+,#& 89%,-& -">>,#,8?,& "$& %+3%& 3:,6& @,38$& %9& #,?"%,& %F9&
%+"#-$&9>&%+,&-!3!D!-&F+,#,3$&(D-1("&0&@,38$&%9&#,?"%,&98,&%+"#-&9>&"%C&7+"$&"$&
[email protected],%"@,$& 3*$9& #,>,##,-& %9& 3$& (D-7&'& "C,C& (D-7&'* !"#-!3!D!-& k%+,& +"-"8E& 9>& 3&
G9F,*lC&:+,?D&3:,6C&
!
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%+,&D!03!-&38-&%+,&!"(7&%9F3#-$&%+,&/&'C&7+"$&"$&%+,&9;;9$"%,&9>&7!1-C&R%&"$&3*$9&
?3**,-&();&>C&
!
B03#&.!D7>43&c&%+,&"8?*"83%"98&9>&%+,&7!1-!-&"$&@9#,&%9F3#-$&%+,&D!03!-&38-&
%+,&"8?*"83%"98&9>&%+,&!"(7&"$&@9#,&%9F3#-$&%+,&/&'C&
&
B03#&.! E7C.43& c& %+,& "8?*"83%"98& 9>& %+,& 7!1-!-& "$& $*"E+%j& D,,;"8E& %+,& $9(8-&
?*9$,#& %9& %+,& 7!1-!-& 38-& $"@"*3#*1& %+,& "8?*"83%"98& 9>& %+,& !"(7& "$& 3*$9& 0"(G-1j&
D,,;"8E&"%$&$9(8-&?*9$,#&%9&%+,&!"(7C&7+"$&"$&3*$9&?3**,-&1!2"8"C&
&
B(.>3?&c&3&[email protected]&>9#&1P"C&7+,&-(#3%"98&"$&Y&!"(70&9#&I&-!3!D&1C&
!
B(.030&c&*"%,#3**1&@,38$&%9&E"G,&3&>#3E#38?,[email protected],**C&=0-6&6&"$&9>&%F9&%1;,$q&
(0-6&6&F"%+&3&*,%%,#&38-&(0-6&6&F"%+&3&-!3!D!-C&R8&%+"$&3;;*"?3%"98&%+,&#,?"%,#&
E"G,$&3&+"8%&9>&%+,&*,%%,#&9#&-!3!D!-&F"%+&F+"?+&(0-6&6&"$&),"8E&@3-,C&
!
B(A3+&c&%9&@3D,&3&*,%%,#&0&D(?&"C,C&E"G,&"%&3&0,DP?C&
!
B-.>3-&c&%9&3>>"#@&"C,C&%9&#,?"%,&3&;3#%"?(*3#&*,%%,#j&($(3**1&#,>,##"8E&%9&3&*,%%,#&
9>&6!))C&7+"$&"$&%+,&9;;9$"%,&9>&-!)-7C&:+,?D&-!)-7C&
!
B-.'.34& c& *"%,#3**1& @,38$& 3;;3#,8%& 9#& ?*,3#C& 7,?+8"?3**1& "%& "$& %9& #,?"%,& ,3?+&
*,%%,#&>#[email protected]&%+,"#&#,$;,?%"G,&6!D-&3(;C&
!
G&0?&c&[email protected])"8"8E&@9#,&%+38&98,&#,3-"8E&"8&98,&$"%%"8E&)1&3&%,3?+,#C&
&
G&44&c&3&[email protected]&>9#&D-!7)C&<[email protected],&3$&D3$#3+&)(%&"8-"?3%,$&%9&F9#-$&F+"?+&3#,&
6,>3!.&k-,?*"83)*,lC&N,>,#&%9&D!03!-C&
!
158
G&<0& c& "%& "$& 3& [email protected]& >9#& 0,DP?j& ,i?,;%& %+3%& "%& "$& ($,-& 98& %+9$,& F9#-$&
F+"?+&3#,&6,>3!.&k-,?*"83)*,lC&:+,?D&0,DP?C&
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