Etude de quelques aspects du transport éolien des
matériaux granulaires: Processus de saltation et
formation des rides.
François Rioual
To cite this version:
François Rioual. Etude de quelques aspects du transport éolien des matériaux granulaires: Processus
de saltation et formation des rides.. Physique [physics]. Université Rennes 1, 2002. Français. �tel00199032�
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https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00199032
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N
Ordre : 2686
TH SE
pr sent e
DEVANT L'UNIVERSIT DE RENNES 1
pour obtenir
le grade de : DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSIT DE RENNES 1
Mention : Physique
PAR
Franois Rioual
quipe d'accueil : Groupe Matire Condens e et Mat riaux
cole Doctorale : Sciences de la matire
Composante universitaire : U.F.R. Structure et Propri t s de la Matire
TITRE DE LA THSE :
Etude de quelques aspects du transport olien : processus de
saltation et formation des rides
soutenue le 25 juin 2002 devant la commission d'examen
COMPOSITION DU JURY :
M. GUYON Etienne
M. BIDEAU Daniel
M. VALANCE Alexandre
M. CLEMENT Eric
M. COSTE Christophe
M. RASMUSSEN Keld Roemer
Professeur, Universit Paris XI
Professeur, Universit Rennes I
Charg de Recherche, Universit Rennes I
Professeur, Universit Paris VI
Ma tre de Conf rences, Universit Paris VII
Professeur, Universit d'Aarhus
Pr sident du jury
Directeur de thse
Co-directeur de thse
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Rapporteur
Examinateur
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0.6
0.5
Vi
f
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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n de la bille
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0.7
0.6
0.5
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20
40
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0.6
0.4
0.2
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
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Loi d'interaction de Hertz
0.8
0.7
0.5
Vi
f
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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sous Pression
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Vanne 3
Canon
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billes de type I
billes de type II
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5.75
5.80
5.85
5.90
5.95
d (mm.)
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10
8
6
4
2
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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0.9
0.8
0.7
e
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
%* R ,
D < ! D
3 1 3 3 1 F <
1 E F 2 F , +
" H 4
D ! G %*H < < G F @
3 % , D "
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40
20
0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
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6
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5
4
3
2
1
0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi ( m/s )
% R /
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Nej+
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5
4
Nej
3
2
1
0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
%
R / ) + 3
+ + 2 3 I D D 2 D 2
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Vi = 10-12 m/s
Vi = 14-16 m/s
Vi = 18-20 m/s
P ej(h) dh *100
h/d
%
R - ) ! K
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! %
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, P ej(h) dh *100
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
h/d
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H 2 "
%
K
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45
40
Vi=10-12 m/s
Vi=14-16 m/s
Vi=18-20 m/s
P ej+ (h) dh *100
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
h/d
%
% R - ) ) ! 65
60
55
Vi=10-12 m/s
Vi=14-16 m/s
Vi=18-20 m/s
P ej- (h) dh *100
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
h/d
% . R - ) ) 3
! Vej / (gd)
1/2
56 , 3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
#
Vej,x
Vej,y
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
% & R > ) 1 : ! !
(Etot /(1/2*m* Vi ²)) * 100
Vi (m/s)
%
* R / ) #
, 4 ; !
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110
100
90
θej
80
70
60
50
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
%
R = ) ) ) 3 " 2
,
) ! D G %
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3 #
, 0.7
Vi=10-12 m/s
Vi=14-16 m/s
Vi=18-20 m/s
0.6
0.5
0.4
N ej(dej) d(dej )
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
dej/d
%
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dej/d
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
h/d
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120
100
80
θej
60
Vi = 10-12 m/s
Vi = 14-16 m/s
Vi = 18-20 m/s
40
20
0
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
dej
% R =
2
) , ) , ) D ! / !D F ) 3 - D ) F 1 Æ 3 1 ++P > ? D H 4 %%D ! Y
F / D
G= 9 !D
@
@
@
) ) 3
3 D " ) F 1 I
1 ) D
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, 35
Vi = 10-12 m/s
Vi = 14-16 m/s
Vi = 18-20 m/s
30
Pej(lR) dlR
25
20
15
10
5
0
-14 -12 -10 -8
-6 -4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
lR/d
%% R -
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7 F K
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D+&
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£
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15
14
13
12
11
10
9
Pej(lR)dlR
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
lR/d
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) / !D 1 : ) )@
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Æ
D +
Æ )F ) D $% & 1
3 D = D
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7 1 1 7 $
, 16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
θej
%& R -
) @ ; 1 1 ) - 3 .) , +
1 ! G D H
2 " ! 1 + ' + D < D ' + D < + / D 1D %* < ! 1 ; < $ G %H ) 1 "
+
56 , $
1.0
Vi = 10-12 m/s
Vi = 12-14 m/s
Vi = 14-16 m/s
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
e
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
Nc
%* R /
"
< 2
+ 2
D +
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+
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0.9
Vi = 10-12 m/s
Vi = 12-14 m/s
Vi = 14-16 m/s
0.8
0.7
ey
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
Nc
% R /
1
< +
Vi = 10-12 m/s
Vi = 12-14 m/s
Vi = 14-16 m/s
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,7
ex
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
Nc
%+ R /
1
+
< 1 : $
, 10
9
6 couches
12 couches
36 couches
8
7
Nej+
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
+
% R 7 ) ! 1 +
10
9
6 couches
12 couches
36 couches
8
7
Nej-
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
+
%% R 7 ) 3 1 ! +
56 , $"
Vi=10-12 m/s
Vi=14-16 m/s
Vi=18-20 m/s
7
6
Nej+
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Nc
%% R 7 ) ! + 1
+
+
Vi=10-12 m/s
Vi =14-16 m/s
Vi = 18-20 m/s
4
Nej-
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Nc
%% R 7 ) 3
! +
1
$#
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D E +
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+
6 6D 3 ;" D D
1 D D
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1 = D F @
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F
1 F ' "
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H
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1.1
1.0
Nc = 6 couches
Nc = 12 couches
Nc = 36 couches
0.9
0.8
0.7
dNej
+
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
h/d
%%% R -
1
+
) ! 30
Pej(h)dh * 100
25
Nc = 6 couches
Nc = 36 couches
20
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
h/d
%%. R -
) ! 1 @
%%
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1 !
F
%H 2
F 1 D D "
GD
I
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' GD
+
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%
Nc = 6 couches
Nc = 36 couches
1.6
1.4
1.2
Et
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
dej/d
%%& R -
1
) ) 1 "
) 1 F %%& F 1
F J
+
F F ! 1
1
+
1 ; 1
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+
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) 3
1 , ) "
+
F Æ Æ
, 2
Etot/(1/2*m*Vi )*100
%
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Nc = 6 couches
Nc = 36 couches
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vi (m/s)
%%* R / D
" ) 1
110
100
θej
90
80
70
60
50
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
Nc
,
%% R / ) 1
+
56 , %
1,6
6 couches
12 couches
36 couches
Nej(dej ) d(d ej )
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
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D "
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D F D " @
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P ' :1D H
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B
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*! h
θ
α
h(x,t)
x
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3 = 3
$
- D 2 3 - "3 1
13
D < E 3
1 ) D D ! 1 *%H 4 K
A ;" % E , D F
G
I
G* H
1 : F , ;" 1 : E
D F " I
A A A"
A ;"
"
@% @A
@ @
K
D ;" D A" ;"
G*H
- ; ,< 3D F 1 3 " , A 2 F Æ - " + ) ! ) 2 A / ) " + ¼
A ¼
D G*%H
I
@% + + "
@
G*.H
$ ) ;" @
= ) +
I
+ + 1 + K
F ) E
4
1 : D ) , + D "
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+ , + , K
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1 : G*.HD G*&HD G**H
3 3
F 2 F ; F
; ' D 11 % % G#
*! Taux de croissance ω
2
1
0
−1
0
2
4
6
Nombre d’onde k/lR
B
*. R ?
C " " G H
H 1 3 + 2 #
" 2 ' G*H
*.
,1 "
D " "
D 1
= " 3 I
B 6# ) K
10
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D I
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"" " + + ""
G*+H
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D
D I
B 6# ) #
G*H
K # " - 3 " " 1D " D " I
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G* %H
#
F
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D
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(
' 123
3 9 A
G9 A
D H " = 1 ! !
2
3
! ) C D !D F D D
D ! D - " D D G9 D +H
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+ G* .H
A + ,
G* &H
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7
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: D F 1 3 1 / D : G41 D *%H G Æ
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3 71 @21 G71 21D %H "
@ !3 $ @
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I
3D D A ¼
G* H
3 @ 4 1
+ 8% E I
K
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& ¼
G*H
¼
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A @%
@
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@
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G G*.H
E 2 "
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¼
I
#
G*&H
< $
Taux de croissance w
5
l 0> l
C
0
−5
l 0 < lC
−10
−15
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
nombre d’onde k/l0
12.5
15
*& R ?
3 71 @21 ' " I @ G H @ G H
2 F F 8+ -
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1 1 3 0,?/0 G 1 D .H
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7 D 3 D 7 M 1
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)
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1.0
Re(Ω)
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Nombre d’onde k/kc
1.5
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P H
@ G
P H
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-
K
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@% 0 @ % 0 @ % 0 @ % 0 @ % 0 @ % G*..H
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=
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3 1 3 0,?/0 G 1 D
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3 = "
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D D F 1 "H E1 B1 ) F 3 /" @ F
B1 S , "
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3 I
G H %
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3
B1 D
D GT B 9D &HD F
1
G%H , ;" I
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35
30
25
20
15
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18
16
14
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26
L (m)
24
22
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18
16
14
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1.4
1.6
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8% 1 4 .H I
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F B1 , " F H D "D 4 4 G 1HD F
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J ) )F
"3 3 K ! D E D F " *! = $
T= 0mn
T= 20 mn
T=40 mn
* R /
*
C 0 "
7 C )F 1 3 =
D C ! 1D
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1 D B1 " 1
G 1 *H
D "
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D C "%
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Cone 1
Cone 2
0,9
0,8
0,7
h/h0
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
t (mn)
R /
G 1 C CH N F 1 3 C 2
1 C 2 1 %
I
%
%
1 G*H
, D WD F
)D F D @
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D " 5 C F 7 3 - F ) 1 ' 1 1 1
B1 J 1
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D 1 7 B1 G D H 2 , ) D 2
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D 2 "D
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D ) 3 F
D ) 1D 3
1 C D 1 1
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< 1
* = D ? G +H = 1 ( ,D D
.%R&*
= D ? G H = " @ : 1 %( " #"D &D R*
= D ? 4 9 !D ' Q G ++H 4 ( D D
+R+%
= D ? 4 9 !D ' Q G H A " + "D :/ ;<D R&
= D ? 4 9 D G +*H 4 8 I ( 8 " ( "" D"D &#D &%R&%&
= D ? 4D 4 D 5D AD G H = 8 " + "D :/ ;<D R
= D , D ' G H 4 1 I =
8 @ ( " ")"D"
= D D - D 4D , D ' G H 4 1 1 I - D 8 " ")"D"
D ? = G . H 7 , * M ,1 9 6D ? !D ' G *H 13 I
= " 13
M 7 ,D D D D 5 :1D ? G H 2 8 )" , ""D D &.&R&&.
D T O G +%H ? B 1 1 B , " #" D
#= D &%R * D - G +%H $ %
& & 13 @
D J ? $
D 7D Q G *H 5 -" )" ( ( "D
D + R+*
1 D [email protected]'D , D 5D ' B 1D TD / 8 D 4 G .H = 1 )" "6"'"D D %+%
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%R. , D 'D 1 D T 'D , D 5 /D AD T ' G +H 5 ; , " #" D #D ... D..&
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.*%D.*+&
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J $D , D /D 1D ,D D 4D , D , G +H , @ 81 8 " , " )" DD &D R % D 4D D 5D ,1 D 9D = D Q G .H 5 @
1 , " 6 D D %%
OD , D , G H 7 M
9::;D %D *
O
D T G H 7 8 " ," ( " D >D &D % O 1D A G *H ' D = O D /D 9D T 'D 'D G H 8,
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/-' 4 \,7?4 / O D /D ? "D 4D 9 D =D D -D (
D T 'D ,
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9 D 4:D 5 G +H 9 8 1 1 8 B1 B @
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$D T - ? D Q ? G H (1 ! 8 ( ,D D %R% ,
'( $D T - A1D ? G +H 4 11 1D ( ,D &D R T B D ' 4 9D T , G &H = 11 I 1 ! F" )" " + " ( "D >D T D ]D , D ,D >BD G H , " #" "D *D +*%R +**
T7? " G H , B I = M T 1 D Q G +&H - + , J '
QD 4 TD ? D A ,D 41 D A ,D ? D = G *H (1 )"6 + "D >D . R%
Q D QD 4 D OD 9 D 9 T GH 5 , " #" "D **D &.% Q8
D O Q D Q G +H ? < 8 8 1
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D 7 G &H , * ? D D Q D 9 9 G +H $ M D 5 D A D 4D ,D /D ? )1 1D TD - D T G .H = @
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L D *D 5/8 D $ Q AD G H 7 1 "
+ "D :/ ;<D &%R**
5/8 D $ Q AD G %H =
1 @ 8 1
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51 D 4D ( D 5 D AD (D 9 !D ' Q G +*H (1 \ " + "D D *%D *
5 D 4 = =" D = T G H = ) 8
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7
D 'D 9D T ,D D , G %H 4 ; )"
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? D T G +&H / 8 )" , " .D *D %R%%
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>D %&R % ?D 5 =D AD D 5/8 D $ Q G *H 2 81 [email protected] @ ( ,D D R% ?D 5 =D AD D 5/8 D $ Q G &H = " @: ) 81 ; ( %
,D D *&R*
?TD 5 BD 'D ' 1D = G %H 0 81 B0 ? D - = G +&H 4 I : ( %
,D D *
4 D OD Q D QD 9 D 9 T G H = , " #" D D % %&
41 D ? ' G *%H A )" "D #D * 4 D 5 G H = 8
8 " + "D
:/ ;<D *R+ (: D 2D , D 'D 1 D [email protected]' G +H = " , " )" DD D %
( D (D =D 5D D -D O D =D T D (
D TD 5 D T
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%.
(1 D U Q 8 D U G H ,1 8 " - - *" (-D D * R *&
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> D = ? D G H = "
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> D = ? D G H = "
, ")"DD >D &.%R&.+
AD ( G +H 13 D , $ (1 AD ( G H = @ 8 @ 8 ) *
,D &*D R AD ( 9 !D ' Q G ++H (1 I 8 @
( ,D D +
A1D ? 41:D T , G H 5 ! )" 6 + "D *= D
. R & '( AD ?D 5 = G +*H , " + "D D
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AD ?D 5 = G ++H ' ; 8 ( *"
" 6 D D R+
AD ?D 5 = G +H , : 81 I 1
; ( *"
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A D T G +H = 11 ( *"
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VD , G . H (1 , " #"D &D **R*%
#)
7 13 %
D E ) ,
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4 (1 1 1 81 1 A
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1 1 ) " 1 1
B I $ 1
BD ) = D 8 1 1 1 1 B
8 1 B
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